Assessment of different methods for the detection of biofilm production in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood cultures of newborns.

INTRODUCTION: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are a frequent cause of bacteremia, especially in neonates. The major virulence determinant in CoNS is the ability to produce biofilms, which is conferred by the icaADBC genes. This study aimed to assess different methods for the detection of biofilm formation in 176 CoNS isolates from blood cultures of newborns. METHODS: The presence of the icaACD genes was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and biofilm formation was assessed on congo red agar (CRA), by the tube method (TM), and on tissue culture plates (TCP). RESULTS: Of the 176 CoNS isolates, 30.1% expressed icaACD and 11.4% expressed icaAD. The CRA assay and TM showed that 42% and 38.6% of the isolates were biofilm producing, respectively. On TCP, 40.9% of the isolates produced biofilms; 21% were weakly adherent and 19.9% were strongly adherent. When compared to the gold standard technique (PCR), the CRAassay showed 79% sensitivity and 84% specificity (kappa = 0.64), TM showed 78% sensitivity and 89% specificity (kappa = 0.68), and TCP showed 99% sensitivity and 100% specificity (kappa = 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, ~42% of CoNS isolates produced biofilms, and the presence of icaACD was associated with a greater capacity to form biofilms. Compared to the other phenotypic methodologies, TCP is an ideal procedure for routine laboratory use.

Assessment of different methods for the detection of biofilm production in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood cultures of newborns

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are a frequent cause of bacteremia, especially in neonates. The major virulence determinant in CoNS is the ability to produce biofilms, which is conferred by the icaADBC genes. This study aimed to assess different methods for the detection of biofilm formation in 176 CoNS isolates from blood cultures of newborns. METHODS: The presence of the icaACD genes was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and biofilm formation was assessed on congo red agar (CRA), by the tube method (TM), and on tissue culture plates (TCP). RESULTS: Of the 176 CoNS isolates, 30.1% expressed icaACD and 11.4% expressed icaAD. The CRA assay and TM showed that 42% and 38.6% of the isolates were biofilm producing, respectively. On TCP, 40.9% of the isolates produced biofilms; 21% were weakly adherent and 19.9% were strongly adherent. When compared to the gold standard technique (PCR), the CRAassay showed 79% sensitivity and 84% specificity (kappa = 0.64), TM showed 78% sensitivity and 89% specificity (kappa = 0.68), and TCP showed 99% sensitivity and 100% specificity (kappa = 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, ~42% of CoNS isolates produced biofilms, and the presence of icaACD was associated with a greater capacity to form biofilms. Compared to the other phenotypic methodologies, TCP is an ideal procedure for routine laboratory use.

Pyonephrosis caused by Salmonella sp. in a patient with polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis / Pionefrose causada por Salmonella sp. em um paciente com doença renal policística submetido a hemodiálise

AIMS: This article reports a case of pyonephrosis caused by Salmonella sp. in a patient with polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis treatment. CASE DESCRIPTION: An elderly male patient previously diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease undergoing standard hemodyalitic treatment presented uronephrosis, evolving to pyonephrosis caused by Salmonella sp., and was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS: The polycystic kidney disease may have contributed to the bacteria's attachment to the kidney, due to increase of permeability of the intestinal mucosa, easier bacterial translocation to bloodstream and its subsequent accommodation in the infected organ.

OBJETIVOS: Este artigo relata um caso de pionefrose causada por Salmonella sp. em paciente com doença renal policística em tratamento por hemodiálise. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Um paciente idoso do sexo masculino, previamente diagnosticado com doença renal policística, em tratamento convencional por hemodiálise, apresentou uronefrose, evoluindo a pionefrose causada por Salmonella sp., sendo tratado com sucesso com ciprofloxacino. CONCLUSÕES: A doença renal policística pode ter contribuído para a instalação da bactéria no rim, visto o aumento da permeabilidade da mucosa intestinal e maior facilidade de translocação da bactéria para a corrente sanguínea e seu posterior alojamento no órgão infectado.

Molecular characterization of Enterobacteriaceae resistant to carbapenem antimicrobials / Caracterização molecular de enterobactérias resistentes aos carbapenêmicos

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to genotypically and phenotypically characterize clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae collected from inpatients at the University Hospital of Santa Maria, during seven months. Among the clinical isolates subjected to the modified Hodge test (MHT), 62.5% were positive, indicating possible production of carbapenemase. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated that blaKPC was the most frequently found gene (31%), followed by blaIMP (12.5%). Combined use of the methods is needed to identify carbapenem resistance in enterobacteria to prevent their spread and control the infections caused by these organisms.

RESUMO Objetivou-se caracterizar fenotípica e genotipicamente isolados clínicos de enterobactérias resistentes aos carbapenêmicos (CRE) provenientes do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (RS). Entre os isolados clínicos submetidos ao teste modificado de Hodge (MHT), 62,5% apresentaram positividade, indicando possível produção de carbapenemase. A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) demonstrou que o blaKPC foi o gene mais encontrado (31%), seguido de blaIMP (12,5%). O uso conjunto de distintas metodologias faz-se necessário para identificar a resistência aos carbapenêmicos produzida pelas enterobactérias, de modo a auxiliar o controle de infecção prevenindo a disseminação desses microrganismos.

Nosocomial infections by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase producing enterobacteria in a teaching hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the profile of patients with microorganisms resistant to carbapenems, and the prevalence of the enzyme Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase in interobacteriaceae. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study. From the isolation in bacteriological tests ordered by clinicians, we described the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with enterobacteria resistants to carbapenems at a university hospital, between March and October 2013. RESULTS: We included 47 isolated patients in this study, all exhibiting resistance to carbapenems, including 9 patients who were confirmed as infected/colonized with K. pneumoniae carbapenemase. Isolation in tracheal aspirates (12; 25.5%) predominated. The resistance to ertapenem, meropenem, and imipenem was 91.5%, 83.0% and 80.0%, respectively. Aminoglycosides was the class of antimicrobials that showed the highest sensitivity, 91.5% being sensitive to amikacin and 57.4% to gentamicin. CONCLUSION: The K. pneumoniae carbapenemase was an important agent in graun isotaling in hospital intection. The limited therapeutic options emphasize the need for rapid laboratory detection, as well as the implementation of measures to prevent and control the spread of these pathogens.

Nosocomial infections by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase producing enterobacteria in a teaching hospital / Infecções hospitalares por enterobactérias produtoras de Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase em um hospital escola

Objective To analyze the profile of patients with microorganisms resistant to carbapenems, and the prevalence of the enzyme Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase in interobacteriaceae. Methods Retrospective descriptive study. From the isolation in bacteriological tests ordered by clinicians, we described the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with enterobacteria resistants to carbapenems at a university hospital, between March and October 2013. Results We included 47 isolated patients in this study, all exhibiting resistance to carbapenems, including 9 patients who were confirmed as infected/colonized with K. pneumoniae carbapenemase. Isolation in tracheal aspirates (12; 25.5%) predominated. The resistance to ertapenem, meropenem, and imipenem was 91.5%, 83.0% and 80.0%, respectively. Aminoglycosides was the class of antimicrobials that showed the highest sensitivity, 91.5% being sensitive to amikacin and 57.4% to gentamicin. Conclusion The K. pneumoniae carbapenemase was an important agent in graun isotaling in hospital intection. The limited therapeutic options emphasize the need for rapid laboratory detection, as well as the implementation of measures to prevent and control the spread of these pathogens. .

Objetivo Analisar o perfil dos pacientes que apresentaram microrganismos com resistência aos carbapenêmicos, e a prevalência da enzima Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase em enterobactérias. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo descritivo. A partir do isolamento em exames bacteriológicos solicitados pelos clínicos, descrevemos as características clínicas e epidemiológicas dos pacientes que apresentaram enterobactérias resistentes aos carbapenêmicos entre março e outubro de 2013 em um hospital universitário. Resultados Foram incluídos 47 pacientes isolados, todos apresentando resistência aos carbapenêmicos, dos quais 9 tiveram confirmação de infecção/colonização por K. pneumoniae carbapenemase. Ocorreu predomínio de isolamento em aspirados traqueais (12; 25,5%). A resistência ao ertapenem, meropenem e imipenem foi de 91,5%, 83,0% e 80,0%, respectivamente. Os aminoglicosídeos foram a classe de antimicrobianos que apresentou maior sensibilidade, sendo 91,5% sensível a amicacina e 57,4% a gentamicina. Conclusão A K. pneumoniae carbapenemase constituiu um importante patógeno hospitalar em isolamento crescente nesse nosocômio. As limitadas opções terapêuticas reforçam a necessidade de uma rápida detecção laboratorial, assim como a implementação de medidas de prevenção e controle da disseminação desses patógenos. .

Prevalência de microrganismos em infecções do trato urinário de pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria / Prevalence of the microorganisms in urinary tract infections of patients attended in the Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria

A infecção do Trato Urinário (ITU) é considerada uma das infecções mais comuns, tanto nosocomial quanto na comunidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de patógenos responsáveis por infecções do trato urinário observadas no Hospital Huniversitário de Santa Maria. Durante o período de janeiro à junho de 2004 foram analisados os resultados de 2629 culturas. Eschericia coli foi o microrganismo isolado mais prevalente (52,1) seguido pela Pseudomas aeruginosa com 6,8.

Suscetibilidade antimicrobiana entre amostras de Enterococcus isoladas no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria / Antimicrobial susceptibility among isolates of Enterococcus from Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria

O gênero Enterococcus tem emergido como um dos mais importantes patógenos hospitalares no mundo inteiro. No presente estudo, a ocorrência das infecções enterocócicas por espécie e o sítio da infecção foram analisados. O Enterococcus faecalis foi a espécie de enterococo predominante em todos os isolamentos clínicos. Duzentos e trinta e três amostras de enterococos isoladas dos pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM) foram analisadas. A suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de alguns agentes foi também avaliada.

Members of the genus Enterococcus have emerged as the most important nosocomial pathogens worldwide.In the present study, the occurrence of enterococcal infections by species and site of infection was analyzed. Enterococcus faecalis was the predominant enterococci species among all clinical isolates. A total of 233 enterococci isolates obtained from patients of Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria were studied. Antimicrobial susceptibility to a variety of agents was also evaluated.

Epidemiologia das infecções bacterianas e fúngicas diagnosticada através de hemocultivos, no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria - HUSM, RS / Bacterial and fungi infections epidemiology diagnosed by blood culture in Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria - HUSM, RS, Brazil

O presente estudo descreve a etiologia dos episódios infecciosos da corrente sanguínea, diagnosticados através de hemoculturas, observados no âmbito do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria entre 1999 e 2001. Dos 2027 hemocultivos positivos, 53,9% foram devidos a cocos gram positivos; 17% devido a bacilos gram negativos não fermentadores; 16,64% devido a bacilos gram negativos fermaentadores e 4,88% por leveduras do gênero candida. O estudo da suscetibilidade dos isolados detectou que 37,1% de Staphylococcus aureus eram oxacilina resistentes e, entre Staphylococcus epidermidis, esta resistência atingiu 65% dos isolados. Os autores comparam seus resultados com estudos semelhantes desenvolvidos em outros centros brasileiros e no exterior.